If we say that Qin Shihuang was the first emperor who unified China in terms of territory, then the first emperor who unified China in terms of ideology was none other than Han Wudi (Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty). In order to consolidate his rule, he proscribed all non-Confucian schools of thought and espoused Confucianism as the state ideology, thus pushing Confucius up into the orthodox position. For two thousand years thereafter, Confucianism had been the only one dominant school of thought in China.
Han Wudi, named Liuche, ascended the throne at the age of 15. He was the fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD) and reigned from 141BC to 86BC, which is one of the most celebrated periods in Chinese history. During the period of Wen and Jing emperors before Han Wudi, China was peaceful and prosperous -- population grew greatly and industry and commerce were developed. Han Wudi, son of Emperor Jin, carried out a series of reforms and devoted himself to military conquests and territorial expansion.
Han Wudi's most important military campaigns were against the Hun, an ancient tribe that lived in North China who posed a powerful threat to the Han Empire. After three expeditions, Han Wudi finally drove the Hun into the far north of Gobi, thus maintaining the safety of the Hexi Corridor. In order to avoid the aggression of other nomadic tribes, Han Wudi also ordered the construction of the Great Wall.
In 138 BC, Han Wudi sent Zhang Qian -- Chinese ambassador-- with a diplomatic expedition to Central Asia to try to find allies against the Hun. Failing to achieve his original purpose, Chinese ruler became aware of the cultures and customs of other nationalities. Eventually, this led to the opening of the Silk Road, which later served as a route for cultural and economic exchange between the east and the west.
Han Wudi accepted Dong Zhongru's proposal of "rejecting the other schools of thought and respecting only Confucianism" which ended the period of "contention among one hundred schools of thought". Afterwards, Confucian thought became gradually an orthodox theory and had a far-reaching influence on Chinese philosophy. He also restrained other thoughts but made Confucianism a state ideology. While unifying the state ideology, Han Wudi strengthened the centralized state power and weakened local forces.
He realized the malpractice of eupatrid and established the Imperial College to train qualified officials and talents to strengthen feudal centralization. Han Wudi was not only a statesman but also of great talent. "Yuefu" -- an official conservatory was set up to collect folk songs and ballads and most of the folk songs in the Han Dynasty were come down from that period. Yuefu poems had a great influence on later periods.
In order to pay his military cost, Han Wudi raised taxes, nationalized many private businesses and confiscated property of the nobility. He also advocated statism in the fields of finance and commerce. For example, he announced that only the coins minted by the central government could be in circulation; metallurgy and salt processing were also forbidden among the people. Business run by the government enjoyed an exclusive right and the government imposed heavy property tax on industrialists and businessmen to enhance the income of the court. The Western Han Dynasty became unprecedented rich and powerful, centralization strengthened and its feudal economy flourished.
During the reign of Han Wudi, the Western Han Dynasty was in a period of great prosperity. Han Wudi died at the age of 71 in 86BC. The Western Han began to decline after his death. Wudi was buried in Maoling in Xian Yang of today's Shaanxi Province. His tomb was a subulate in shape. The tomb covers 54,054 square meters. On the remains of the bounding walls, the vestiges of watchtowers could be seen. The largest among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, with richest funeral objects, the tomb is named Pyramid in China.
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2008年4月10日星期四
ARSENAL 1 - 1 LIVERPOOL
ARSENAL 1 - 1 LIVERPOOL Wednesday 02 April 2008 19:45 , Champions League Quarter Final (1)
News from Liverpoolfc.tv_ Official Web Site
KUYT NETS AWAY GOAL IN EMIRATES DRAW
Liverpool leave the Emirates with a priceless away goal following a 1-1 draw in the Champions League quarter-final first leg.
Dirk Kuyt was the Euro star once more, equalising Emmanuel Adebayor's opener after Steven Gerrard cut through the Gunners defence. The result sends Liverpool into next week's return at Anfield as bookies' favourites, though the heavy weather they endured during the second half illustrates how finely poised the tie remains. In between that is a crucial Premier League clash which could prove decisive for both the title and fourth place. The first part of the most eagerly-anticipated trilogy since The Godfather saw Rafa Benitez select the same four-pronged attack that has helped the Reds to eight wins in nine. Arsenal, meanwhile, recalled Adebayor to a side which contained not a single Englishman. So much for not being drawn against continental opposition. It was Adebayor who could have punished the visitors in the opening minutes when Pepe Reina strayed to the left-back position only to mis-control. The 23-goal striker looked to capitalise but Liverpool's custodian recovered to make a fine tackle. The Reds' first chance came when Xabi Alonso floated a sublime ball into the box on the quarter-hour mark. He might have the same flowing blonde locks, but Sami Hyypia is not quite El Nino in the box. Instead of hitting it first time, the Finn took a touch and the opportunity was gone. From there, Arsenal's thrusting football suddenly revealed itself, and it cost Liverpool a goal. First, Mathieu Flamini lofted a teasing ball to Robin van Persie, who tried to lob Reina with his first touch. The Dutchman then tried his luck from 20 yards and the Spanish stopper had to be smart. Hyypia and co failed to compose themselves as the resulting corner was swung in, however, and Adebayor was given free reign to nod home from five yards. First blood Arsenal. Some teams would have let their heads drop; some would have collapsed. But this is Liverpool, Liverpool in Europe. Within three minutes, the scores were level and the only noise inside the Emirates had a Scouse twang. Unsurprisingly, it was hometown hero, Steven Gerrard, who grabbed the game by the scruff of the neck, drilling himself through the home defence before sending a low cross into the six-yard box. Two Arsenal defenders were tracking back but Kuyt got there first to bag his sixth of the European season. Game on, though Benitez still didn't venture a smile. That's how it remained until the break. It was the team in black who carved out the first scoring opportunity of the second half after Fernando Torres brought a cynical foul out of Philippe Senderos. Gerrard stepped up for the free-kick midway inside the Arsenal half before hitting an out-swinger towards Martin Skrtel at the far post. The Slovak sent a delicate header to the feet of Kuyt but the Dutch international was denied by a low save from Manuel Almunia. Meanwhile, Theo Walcott was a half-time replacement for van Persie, and the lightning-quick youngster soon found space down the left channel, cutting inside before whacking a long-range effort inches wide of Reina's goal. With Arsenal starting to dominate possession, Benitez also decided to tinker, waiting just 12 minutes after the restart to introduce Yossi Benayoun at the expense of Ryan Babel. The change didn't do much to ease the pressure, though the hosts had to wait until the 65th minute to seriously threaten, first when Skrtel cleared off the line from Walcott, then when Alexander Hleb got through only to be out-muscled by Kuyt, of all people. Penalties have been given for less but Arsene Wenger's calls went unanswered. Next Adebayor burst down the left, skipping past Skrtel before the ball came to Fabregas. His shot appeared to be going in but the unfortunate Bendtner got in the way. Thankfully for the substitute, his blushes were spared by the linesman's flag. Still, Liverpool were penned in, creating a wall of black that somehow managed to stand firm until the end.
TeamsLiverpool: Reina, Aurelio, Hyypia, Skrtel, Carragher, Babel, Alonso, Mascherano, Kuyt, Gerrard (captain), Torres. Subs - Riise, Crouch, Voronin, Leiva, Arbeloa, Benayoun, Itandje
Arsenal: Almunia, Clichy, Gallas, Senderos, Toure, Hleb, Flamini, Fabregas, Eboue, van Persie, Adebayor. Subs - , Song, Walcott, Diaby, Bendtner, Hoyte, Lehmann
Referee: Pieter Vink
Conditions: Mild
Attendance: 68,041
Liverpoolfc.tv Man-of-the-Match: Dirk Kuyt
News from Liverpoolfc.tv_ Official Web Site
KUYT NETS AWAY GOAL IN EMIRATES DRAW
Liverpool leave the Emirates with a priceless away goal following a 1-1 draw in the Champions League quarter-final first leg.
Dirk Kuyt was the Euro star once more, equalising Emmanuel Adebayor's opener after Steven Gerrard cut through the Gunners defence. The result sends Liverpool into next week's return at Anfield as bookies' favourites, though the heavy weather they endured during the second half illustrates how finely poised the tie remains. In between that is a crucial Premier League clash which could prove decisive for both the title and fourth place. The first part of the most eagerly-anticipated trilogy since The Godfather saw Rafa Benitez select the same four-pronged attack that has helped the Reds to eight wins in nine. Arsenal, meanwhile, recalled Adebayor to a side which contained not a single Englishman. So much for not being drawn against continental opposition. It was Adebayor who could have punished the visitors in the opening minutes when Pepe Reina strayed to the left-back position only to mis-control. The 23-goal striker looked to capitalise but Liverpool's custodian recovered to make a fine tackle. The Reds' first chance came when Xabi Alonso floated a sublime ball into the box on the quarter-hour mark. He might have the same flowing blonde locks, but Sami Hyypia is not quite El Nino in the box. Instead of hitting it first time, the Finn took a touch and the opportunity was gone. From there, Arsenal's thrusting football suddenly revealed itself, and it cost Liverpool a goal. First, Mathieu Flamini lofted a teasing ball to Robin van Persie, who tried to lob Reina with his first touch. The Dutchman then tried his luck from 20 yards and the Spanish stopper had to be smart. Hyypia and co failed to compose themselves as the resulting corner was swung in, however, and Adebayor was given free reign to nod home from five yards. First blood Arsenal. Some teams would have let their heads drop; some would have collapsed. But this is Liverpool, Liverpool in Europe. Within three minutes, the scores were level and the only noise inside the Emirates had a Scouse twang. Unsurprisingly, it was hometown hero, Steven Gerrard, who grabbed the game by the scruff of the neck, drilling himself through the home defence before sending a low cross into the six-yard box. Two Arsenal defenders were tracking back but Kuyt got there first to bag his sixth of the European season. Game on, though Benitez still didn't venture a smile. That's how it remained until the break. It was the team in black who carved out the first scoring opportunity of the second half after Fernando Torres brought a cynical foul out of Philippe Senderos. Gerrard stepped up for the free-kick midway inside the Arsenal half before hitting an out-swinger towards Martin Skrtel at the far post. The Slovak sent a delicate header to the feet of Kuyt but the Dutch international was denied by a low save from Manuel Almunia. Meanwhile, Theo Walcott was a half-time replacement for van Persie, and the lightning-quick youngster soon found space down the left channel, cutting inside before whacking a long-range effort inches wide of Reina's goal. With Arsenal starting to dominate possession, Benitez also decided to tinker, waiting just 12 minutes after the restart to introduce Yossi Benayoun at the expense of Ryan Babel. The change didn't do much to ease the pressure, though the hosts had to wait until the 65th minute to seriously threaten, first when Skrtel cleared off the line from Walcott, then when Alexander Hleb got through only to be out-muscled by Kuyt, of all people. Penalties have been given for less but Arsene Wenger's calls went unanswered. Next Adebayor burst down the left, skipping past Skrtel before the ball came to Fabregas. His shot appeared to be going in but the unfortunate Bendtner got in the way. Thankfully for the substitute, his blushes were spared by the linesman's flag. Still, Liverpool were penned in, creating a wall of black that somehow managed to stand firm until the end.
TeamsLiverpool: Reina, Aurelio, Hyypia, Skrtel, Carragher, Babel, Alonso, Mascherano, Kuyt, Gerrard (captain), Torres. Subs - Riise, Crouch, Voronin, Leiva, Arbeloa, Benayoun, Itandje
Arsenal: Almunia, Clichy, Gallas, Senderos, Toure, Hleb, Flamini, Fabregas, Eboue, van Persie, Adebayor. Subs - , Song, Walcott, Diaby, Bendtner, Hoyte, Lehmann
Referee: Pieter Vink
Conditions: Mild
Attendance: 68,041
Liverpoolfc.tv Man-of-the-Match: Dirk Kuyt
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